Cracking the AP European History Exam 2019, Premium Edition by Princeton Review

Author:Princeton Review
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Random House Children's Books
Published: 2018-10-08T16:00:00+00:00

Further undermining Newton’s concept of the universe was Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, where time, space, and movement are not absolute entities but are understood to be relative in accordance with the position of the observer.

Philosophy

Just as scientific inquiry was revealing ideas and principles that appeared to be less than rational, philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, for a time a professor of classical languages at the University of Basel, began to question and even to reject the ideas of the 18th-century Enlightenment. In Nietzsche’s most influential work, Thus Spake Zarathustra, he argued that it was necessary to break free from traditional morality, which is why he famously proclaimed that “God is dead.” It was necessary, according to Nietzsche, to “kill” God, because religion was at the center of a Western model of civilization that he despised. Nietzsche hated the Germany created by Bismarck and instead yearned for the emergence of the artist-warrior superman. Unfortunately, after his death in 1900, his pro-Nazi sister was in charge of his literary estate, and she edited his writings to make them supportive of Hitler’s extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism, two modern chauvinisms that he, in fact, despised.

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